tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47151807606215907772024-03-12T21:30:23.282-04:00Darwin's JackalScraps of evolutionary opiniondarwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.comBlogger72125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-24677879218829781172020-12-10T16:53:00.006-05:002020-12-10T16:53:31.834-05:00Pesticides are bad news-- especially for grassland birds<p>Cover image for the <a href="https://www.nature.com/natsustain/volumes/3/issues/12" target="_blank">December 2020 issue of Nature Sustainability</a> is also in <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691206004/understanding-bird-behavior" target="_blank">Understanding Bird Behavior</a>.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgndj-DR7unSkSc1HyNvPyoOkdlccDYDjp18I-Dr0lpLjlXvI1klnOgnM4J5W3JgJ3h9sR8p49MyvVVPgmQcBxWvlmzYTukQdTnm_K-Lgq5ANZPVbl8Onmah3Pvxgdm5Ymrhz9xUvn3ONI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="616" data-original-width="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgndj-DR7unSkSc1HyNvPyoOkdlccDYDjp18I-Dr0lpLjlXvI1klnOgnM4J5W3JgJ3h9sR8p49MyvVVPgmQcBxWvlmzYTukQdTnm_K-Lgq5ANZPVbl8Onmah3Pvxgdm5Ymrhz9xUvn3ONI/s16000/image.png" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Li, Y., Miao, R. & Khanna, M. Neonicotinoids and decline in bird biodiversity in the United States. </span><i style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">Nat Sustain</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bolder; text-align: left;">3, </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">1027–1035 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0582-x</span></div><br /><br /><p></p>darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-65912783803511271302020-06-10T11:38:00.001-04:002020-12-10T16:54:05.733-05:00Second book out in AugustConfusingly, this will have different titles and covers in different countries, but apart from the spelling of words like colour, the interiors should be unchanged. Credit for the titles and cover designs should go entirely to each of the publishers.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/covers/7958.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Cover of 'How Birds Behave' featuring a close-up photo of a dark bird with" border="0" src="https://www.publish.csiro.au/covers/7958.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/7958"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Australia</span></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="9780750995757" height="320" src="https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/resources/images/publications/9780750995757.jpg?width=400" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="241" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/publication/how-to-read-a-bird/9780750995757/"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">UK cover</span></a></td></tr>
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<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; float: left; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; float: left; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; float: left; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; float: left; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: large; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">A vivid, eye-opening view of why birds behave the way they do</span></li>
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<header class="o-book__titles" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2e2e2e; flex: 0 0 auto; font-size: 10px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: common-ligatures; font-variant-numeric: inherit; grid-area: titles / titles / titles / titles; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; order: 1; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; touch-action: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; width: calc((((100vw - 424px) / 12) * 8) + 210px);"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img height="320" src="https://pup-assets.imgix.net/onix/images/9780691206004.jpg?w=640" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="227" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691206004/understanding-bird-behavior">North America</a></span></td></tr>
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</header><br />
<div class="o-book__meta" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2e2e2e; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Birds are intelligent, sociable creatures that exhibit a wide array of behaviors—from mobbing and mimicking to mating and joint nesting. Why do they behave as they do? Bringing to light the remarkable actions of birds through examples from species around the world,</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; touch-action: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Understanding Bird Behavior</i><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">presents engaging vignettes about the private lives of birds, all explained in an evolutionary context.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We discover how birds find food, relying on foraging techniques, tools, and thievery. We learn about the courtship rituals through which birds choose, compete for, woo, and win mates; the familial conflicts that crop up among parents, offspring, and siblings; and the stresses and strains of nesting, including territory defense, nepotism, and relationship sabotage. We see how birds respond to threats and danger—through such unique practices as murmurations, specific alarm calls, distraction displays, and antipredator nest design. We also read about how birds change certain behaviors—preening, migration, breeding, and huddling—based on climate. Richly illustrated, this book explores the increasing focus on how individual birds differ in personality and how big data and citizen scientists are helping to add to what we know about them.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">Drawing on classic examples and the latest research,</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><i style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; touch-action: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Understanding Bird Behavior</i><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"> </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">offers a close-up look at the many ways birds conduct themselves in the wild.</span></span><br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Compelling insights into bird behavior</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Classic examples and the latest research, including work by citizen scientists</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Fascinating vignettes about the private lives of birds, from finding food and family life, to coping with climate and other threats</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-size: 16px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">150 detailed color illustrations and photographs</span></span></li>
</ul>
darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-26156374267674799032020-03-29T05:57:00.001-04:002020-12-10T16:54:47.725-05:00Spring 2020<br>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Decided to record some of the lovely spring that is taking place in the northeastern US (mostly in Prospect Park and Park Slope). </span></div>
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April 2020<br>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1n-t9c9DHXO75kI-5JUgsjkDsYklCGjsZuPRztIXFuQgkjzHWm2df5o1Nn072BK79vsWAgf2lHVIN5delSmDmhrVk3Oy7dfgsOg2m2z4kaMvIOSoCb_2a8PU8gRBW59jYTf4E-KNJ4jw/s1600/IMG_7790.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1180" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1n-t9c9DHXO75kI-5JUgsjkDsYklCGjsZuPRztIXFuQgkjzHWm2df5o1Nn072BK79vsWAgf2lHVIN5delSmDmhrVk3Oy7dfgsOg2m2z4kaMvIOSoCb_2a8PU8gRBW59jYTf4E-KNJ4jw/s400/IMG_7790.jpg" width="295"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMoRKLlKdrp5dXoyeskitls0FEEIlQLs2HfJqXxyXs_7nujd0oHXNengU20r39ceS81lbcmrNNh_53N6WSH4MLvpK8aN8PMO7xq87cCUBtTdqAIOdiBvDR6laUAKLkO1XyzaigSx4PGY/s1600/IMG_7791.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMoRKLlKdrp5dXoyeskitls0FEEIlQLs2HfJqXxyXs_7nujd0oHXNengU20r39ceS81lbcmrNNh_53N6WSH4MLvpK8aN8PMO7xq87cCUBtTdqAIOdiBvDR6laUAKLkO1XyzaigSx4PGY/s400/IMG_7791.JPG" width="300"></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpe3IudASWepMoZm49h8C-NM3nAfdmW24aARZF4XJ7L-ahjyliiHpEFHgTcvC-AZeYmlTKIWvmxEkU5x_YGQYgbUtRAeIiyp2t14N8g0QR2qvFBIHSIRWntCMJ9dKqUshMmMWcju-giZI/s1600/IMG_7792.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1100" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpe3IudASWepMoZm49h8C-NM3nAfdmW24aARZF4XJ7L-ahjyliiHpEFHgTcvC-AZeYmlTKIWvmxEkU5x_YGQYgbUtRAeIiyp2t14N8g0QR2qvFBIHSIRWntCMJ9dKqUshMmMWcju-giZI/s400/IMG_7792.jpg" width="275"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiToyEKHuDnNtt-xUoCAvTmuISYY4C9PtNgkmu6RUpTGGZMj187Se33alMeh2TMEygo_k7mw2BVZkMRz4fWB8I67xHvRuxiv8WiSXlrJKmjxNyb_uPwZFeJXU56H8X3hI8PF_tcvD_30p4/s1600/IMG_7793.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiToyEKHuDnNtt-xUoCAvTmuISYY4C9PtNgkmu6RUpTGGZMj187Se33alMeh2TMEygo_k7mw2BVZkMRz4fWB8I67xHvRuxiv8WiSXlrJKmjxNyb_uPwZFeJXU56H8X3hI8PF_tcvD_30p4/s400/IMG_7793.JPG" width="300"></a></div>
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<a href="http://darwinsjackal.blogspot.com/2020/03/spring-2020.html#more">Read more »</a>darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-6467451805155664282020-03-13T08:26:00.013-04:002020-12-19T17:02:07.276-05:00Book Talks, Interviews, Reviews<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieyiXUI2fHF5G2If3BfpaAkC2EQNZF-ccKZNUDMA_h6Xo-Y3rOHVFfvNjCI3YMpYU-dWaph2bloGHlHy_WTr8JLKind17RHE-cgpwfFuRN5b_a0aVA_Ws7-V-A41Pf_2bunrvXDLil1iY/s1600/IMG_5520.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieyiXUI2fHF5G2If3BfpaAkC2EQNZF-ccKZNUDMA_h6Xo-Y3rOHVFfvNjCI3YMpYU-dWaph2bloGHlHy_WTr8JLKind17RHE-cgpwfFuRN5b_a0aVA_Ws7-V-A41Pf_2bunrvXDLil1iY/s320/IMG_5520.jpeg" width="320" /></a><b></b><br />
<b><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/" style="font-weight: 400;" target="_blank">Natural History Magazine</a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the American Museum of Natural History has an excerpt of </span><i style="font-weight: 400;">Bird Love</i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> in their June 2020 print issue!</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br /></span></b>And in <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/202009/engaging-vignettes-about-the-private-lives-birds?amp" target="_blank">Psychology Today</a><div><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Book Talks</span></b></h2>
6th March <a href="http://www.harvard.com/event/wenfei_tong/" target="_blank">Harvard Bookstore</a><br />
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7th May <a href="https://www.migratorybirdday.org/bird-book-club/" target="_blank">World Migratory Bird Day</a> (a global bird conservation and education campaign)<br />
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18th May <a href="https://youtu.be/TvaQvuJCsKw" target="_blank">Princeton Public Library-- replay available</a><br />
<br />12th September <a href="https://townhallseattle.org/event/wenfei-tong-livestream/" target="_blank">Seattle Town Hall-- replay available</a><br />
<br /><div>24th September <a href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1297489590599156" target="_blank">Science On Tap</a>--replay available</div><div><br /></div><div>30th September <a href="https://www.sdnhm.org/calendar/nattalks-and-films/">San Diego Natural History Museum</a></div><div><br /></div><div>20th October <a href="https://www.delawarenaturesociety.org/event/bird-love-and-understanding-lecture-with-wenfei-tong-virtual/" target="_blank">Delaware Nature Society</a></div><div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Interviews</span></b></h2>
4th March <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/animal-emotions/202003/the-family-life-birds" target="_blank">Psychology Today</a><br />
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24th March <a href="https://birdcallsradio.com/bcr-197-wenfei-tong-ph-d-bird-love/" target="_blank">Bird Calls Radio</a> podcast<br />
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8th April<a href="https://paw.princeton.edu/article/biologist-wenfei-tong-05-birds-and-bees-birds" target="_blank"> Princeton Alumni Weekly</a><br />
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17th April <a href="https://newbooksnetwork.com/wenfei-tong-bird-love-the-family-life-of-birds-princeton-up-2020/" target="_blank">New Books Network</a> podcast with Lukas Rieppel, author of <a href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674737587" target="_blank">Assembling the Dinosaur</a> (a very good read)<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Reviews </span></b></h2>
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On <a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B083ZMJYVS#customerReviews" target="_blank">Amazon</a></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u><a href="https://fatbirder.com/reviews/bird-love/" target="_blank"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fatbirder View</span>:</a></u></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What struck me most from this wonderful book is that nature, even within one family is extraordinary diverse. Mating, pairing and offspring rearing is as varied in the avian world as in the human realm, maybe even more so. The breadth of knowledge of the author is displayed on every page and is really well presented.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Its entirely admirable that someone should know as much as they do with a depth of scientific understanding yet be able to convey that to the lay reader, succinctly, accurately and readably.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I’m still reading and re-reading and have been charmed, captivated and entertained, but mostly greatly educated by this work.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: inherit; color: black; font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It gets my highest recommendation.</span></div>
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<br /></div><div style="color: #313131; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #313131; font-size: 15px;"><a href="https://www.aba.org/the-fascinating-and-often-shocking-breeding-life-of-birds/" target="_blank">American Birding Association</a></div><div style="color: #313131; font-size: 15px;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 18.6667px; text-align: start;">A review by </em><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 18.6667px; font-weight: 700; text-align: start;">Joan Roughgarden</span></div>
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;"><span class="fusion-dropcap dropcap" color="var(--dropcap_color)" style="--dropcap_color: #607d8b; --dropcap_text_color: #fff; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-flex; float: left; font-size: 60px; height: 52px; justify-content: center; line-height: 52px; margin-right: 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: 4px;">W</span>enfei Tong presents a contemporary overview of diversity in the family life of birds. Other than Darwin’s manifesto of 1874, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex</em>, only David Lack’s <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds</em> from 1968 offers comparable coverage. To these might be added Bruce Bagemihl’s <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity</em>, published in 1999, which surveys certain additional examples of courtship and family life in birds and mammals.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Weifei Tong was an undergraduate at Princeton University, receiving a degree in ecology and evolution, then receiving a PhD in biology from Harvard University, culminating in postdoctoral research at Cambridge University where she studied avian brood parasites. In addition to her research, she writes popular science articles and serves as a lecturer for Lindblad Expeditions. Also, Mike Webster, a consultant editor and professor of ornithology at Cornell University, contributed a Forward to the book. Chapters cover ecology and mating systems, courtship, nests and eggs, raising chicks, sex role reversal, group breeding, and brood parasitism.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">In his Forward, Webster writes:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding-left: 40px; text-align: left;">Our swallows are the very picture of a cooperative, monogamous and loving family. Yet, as a behavioral biologist, I know that lying beneath that cooperation is a lot of complexity, competition, and conflict. The male courts his mate with song and showy plumage, but he also courts and copulates with the mates of other males, and his own mate will likely copulate with `extra-pair’ males herself. (p. 6)</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">In her Introduction, Tong writes, “Bird family life can look rosy, from the long-term pair-bonds of parrots and albatrosses to the many species in which both sexes, and sometimes an extended family, share parental care duties. However, nature is amoral and a darker side, including sexual conflict, infanticide, and siblicide, is equally common” (p. 8). Thereafter, the chapters deconstruct any possible picture of avian family life that might figure in a Disney production. A movie featuring Tong’s account would be classified as adult-only because of excessive violence. But along the way, Tong brings us wonderful photographs of birds from around the world that illustrate some of the breadth of avian family organization.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Since the time of Darwin and Lack, the popular narrative in behavioral ecology has been to attribute differences in the sex roles of males and females ultimately to a difference in their gamete sizes. Accordingly, Tong writes in her Introduction that “[t]he female reproductive strategy, with large-investment eggs, is quality over quantity, whereas the male strategy is typically the reverse” because “sperm are individually cheaper than eggs” (p. 10). Continuing, she writes, “The investment asymmetry from the time eggs and sperm are made often leads to larger differences later in birds’ reproductive life” (p. 10). In particular, “in most bird mating markets, females are the buyers and males must advertise” (p. 10).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Other investigators going back to Darwin have questioned a connection between gamete size and sex role, noting that the cumulative ejaculate size and other mating costs in males is commensurate with egg size in females even though an individual sperm is much smaller than an egg. Darwin wrote “[o]n the whole, the expenditure of matter and force by the two sexes is probably nearly equal” (p. 233). Darwin interpreted differing gamete sizes in terms of different strategies of mobility (p. 230-231)—if the task is for two potential mates (or gametes) to find each other, then one should remain stationary while the other searches, a strategy even we humans should employ when we become separated from our partner in a crowd.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Of relevance then to a possible connection between gamete size and sex role is Tong’s discussion in Chapter 5 of the many avian species with sex-role reversal such as phalaropes, Black Coucals, and jacanas in which the males are the buyer and the females must advertise. Tong concludes that “we still lack a unifying explanation for sex role reversals” (p. 122). Even Lack found the phenomenon puzzling when he wrote: “Why in any species a reversal of the sex roles would be advantageous is not known” (p. 153).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;"><span class="fusion-dropcap dropcap" color="var(--dropcap_color)" style="--dropcap_color: #607d8b; --dropcap_text_color: #fff; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-flex; float: left; font-size: 60px; height: 52px; justify-content: center; line-height: 52px; margin-right: 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: 4px;">I</span>nstead, the conclusion to be drawn is that the premise of gamete size explaining sex role is itself false—it is contradicted by the data. Indeed, the males of phalaropes, Black Coucals, and jacanas all make tiny sperm—that is why they are called males, and yet they still assume what has been considered the female sex role despite their small gametes. As a result, males and females both wind up having approximately the same net investments in their offspring, contrary to the false gamete-size/sex-role premise.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">In Chapter 1, Tong offers the central premise guiding her interpretation of various family organizations. She writes, “Within species, mating systems are the passive outcomes of social conflicts between individuals attempting to maximize their own reproduction” (p. 20). From this premise, birds, or their traits, or their behaviors end up being discussed with phrases such as philanders (p. 24), cheaters (p. 25), cuckolds (p. 26), deserters (p. 29), manipulators (p. 30), divorcees (p. 34), between-sex arms races (p. 36), forced copulations (p. 37), inferior males (p. 42), sexy sons (p. 43), ornaments of genetic quality (p. 45), best genes (p. 45), sperm wars (p. 54), sneakers (p. 56), parent-parent conflict (p. 102), infanticide (p. 103), parent-offspring conflict (p. 105), siblicide (p. 111), bondage (p. 133), incest (p. 155), etc. These are the tip of behavioral biology’s iceberg of provocative terms littering their peer-reviewed literature. Explanations in behavioral biology increasingly resemble dime-store crime stories. Although one may reject Disney’s romanticism of nature, perhaps the pendulum has swung too far in the other direction. Is there any more to bird social life than lying, cheating, and stealing?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">A way forward is to return to Lack who notes (p. 148) as does Tong (p. 23) that over 90% of nidicolous birds and 80% of nidifugous birds are monogamous. Lack did not know how widespread extra-pair mating is and thought that monogamy implied both social and genetic monogamy. These have different purposes, however. Social monogamy is one possible economic arrangement for how to divide the labor of raising chicks. Genetic monogamy is one possible arrangement for how to distribute paternity.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Departures from genetic monogamy need not indicate cheating or deceit. Indeed, in Razorbills the extra-pair matings occur out in the open witnessed by the pair male. Extra pair matings represent a spreading-the-risk strategy whereby a pair raises a clutch that includes some extra-pair offspring while other pairs raise clutches that include their offspring. Thus, the decoupling of economic and genetic monogamy makes perfect sense without requiring narratives of cheating, deceit, and cuckoldry. In general, family life need not be the passive outcome of conflicts because kin selection, family selection, and other forms of multilevel selection promote cooperation beyond what can be realized by a collection of individual fitness maximizers.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Because of the peacock’s popularity in Darwin’s theory of sexual selection (p. 214-251), a recurring theme in avian biology has been the interpretation of male displays as advertisements of genetic quality. However, Lack notes (p. 148) that “[m]onogamy, in birds and men, tends to be dressed in drab colours, but it is far more frequent than the exotic alternatives.” If colorful plumage, ornaments, and exotic displays in birds really did indicate male genetic quality, then it is puzzling why 10% of avian species have males whose variation in genetic quality requires such exotic advertising whereas the remaining 90% are content with their lack of style. The hierarchy of male genetic quality is a myth. According to what geneticists term the “paradox of the lek,” if, hypothetically, a hierarchy of male genetic quality did exist, and if females did prefer males who had the higher quality, then after a few generations, female choice would select out the bad genes, leaving only males with good genes. To sustain further female choice for male genetic quality, some unknown source of mutation would need to replenish the supply of bad genes in males so that females would have something to continue selecting for.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Instead, Lack (p. 158) endorses Huxley’s 1938 summary of the function of secondary sexual characters as: (i) threat displays to same-sex rivals, (ii) sex recognition prior to mating, (iii) psycho-physiological stimulation for mating, and (iv) mutual and bond-forming displays. These venerable suggestions make more sense than supposing that males possess a hierarchy of genetic quality that females are anxious to discern.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;"><span class="fusion-dropcap dropcap" color="var(--dropcap_color)" style="--dropcap_color: #607d8b; --dropcap_text_color: #fff; align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-flex; float: left; font-size: 60px; height: 52px; justify-content: center; line-height: 52px; margin-right: 10px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase; top: 4px;">T</span>ong notes (p. 26) that Blue Tit chicks sired by extra-pair males survive better than their half siblings, that extra-pair Bluethroat chicks have stronger immune systems, and that Savannah Sparrows and Reed Bunting chicks sired by extra-pair males are healthier. But Tong also allows that no extra-pair paternity benefits could be detected in Darwin’s finches, Sand Martins, and Coal Tits. Indeed, meta-analysis of extra-pair paternity benefits has shown no consistent genetic benefit, which is consistent with the absence of male hierarchies in genetic quality. Rather, extra-pair matings are best interpreted as representing a distributed system of paternity to avoid a bird’s keeping all its eggs in one nest rather than as attempts by females to solicit genetic upgrades.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">The title of the book being reviewed is <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bird Love,</em> and a reader might wonder where the love is, given the book’s preoccupation with deceit and cheating. Indeed, is love no more than a mirage, a misnomer for some behavior intended by one party to manipulate the other into furthering its fitness agenda?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Tong offers a photograph of Rockhopper Penguins (p. 33) and of Laysan Albatrosses (p. 92) engaged in “allopreening—using one’s bill to groom and caress another individual.” She adds that “[t]here is evidence from over 500 species that allopreening between mated pairs is more common in species where both parents raise the offspring, and couples that preen each other more have a higher chance of remaining together over the years” (p. 33).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Tong goes on to say that “[r]ates of allopreening have no bearing on the rate of sexual infidelity” (p. 33). That is to be expected because the allopreening relates to the economic function of monogamy—keeping the pair’s teamwork coordinated. What Tong refers to as infidelity relates to implementing the risk-spreading system of distributed paternity which is independent of the coordination needed to successfully provision chicks through teamwork.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">The instance Tong gives of allopreening between the rockhoppers is presumed to be heterosexual and that between the albatrosses is labeled as homosexual. Moreover, Bagemihl assembled 177 pages of avian examples of homosexuality (p. 479–656). The element in common between heterosexual and homosexual allopreenings together with vocal duets, nuptial gifts, homosexual copulations, and other forms of social intimacy is the mutual exchange of pleasure. This is the proximal motivation for coordinated teamwork. The sensation, even the gratitude arising from the mutual exchange of pleasure and the shared memory of working successfully together, is what underlies avian teamwork. This is what might be identified as bird love.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;">Wenfei Tong’s new book, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bird Love: The Family Life of Birds</em>, is important in bringing to popular attention some of the diversity in avian family organization and for placing that diversity in a contemporary explanatory framework. The book can then serve as a starting point for a critical examination of that framework. The book’s extensive and beautiful photographs document the majesty of bird family life, a contribution that will remain valuable long after academic theorists have moved on to other topics of debate.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #424242; font-family: "PT Sans"; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; text-align: start;"><br /></p>
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by <span style="background-color: transparent;">Corina Newsome Biologist, 12 March 2020</span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent;">Wenfei Tong artfully narrates the complex world of avian reproduction in his newest work. Walking the reader through the many layers of bird family life, Tong describes the intricacies of mating systems and offspring-rearing strategies for bird species around the world, and the suite of social interactions that characterise them. Her use of analogies to the human social experience, such as infidelity and divorce, parental roles, and economic investments, allows us to personally relate to the reproductive decisions made by various species, while simultaneously celebrating the distinctness of avian life.</span></div>
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Understanding that birds have often been misinterpreted by the public as the epitome of romantic commitment, Tong gracefully guides us to the fact that bird mating systems are both more beautiful and more brutal than most people realise.</div>
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Bird Love will bring any reader to more deeply appreciate the hidden complexity of birds. </div>
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Birdwatch Magazine</span></h2>
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Gardens Illustrated</span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/spring-books-nature-11587052170" target="_blank">Wall Street Journal</a></span></b></h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">By Julie Zickefoose </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">April 16, 2020 11 49 am ET</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brush up on your evolutionary biology and buckle up for Wenfei Tong’s “Bird Love” (Princeton, 192 pages, $29.95), a beautiful book about the world of avian breeding systems. Mountains and years of scientific research are gathered together here in a bare-bones recitation of all that is possible—and much that seems impossible—in bird reproduction. Pelicans lay two eggs but raise only one chick, standing impassively by as Cain and Abel fight it out. To escape predators, female hornbills seal themselves into a tree cavity for weeks, molting all their flight feathers, dependent entirely on their mates for sustenance. Attention is given to the behavioral outliers, with sex-role reversal, cooperative breeders and brood parasites commanding the most ink. Throughout, stunning photographs keep the pages turning. This is an information- dense book best made for dipping in and out. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d8a95a7e-7fff-28fe-fd7e-2e4acef74c90"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-96ddc47a-7fff-3f33-aa0a-71808b3eb1e8"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline;">—Ms. Zickefoose is the author, most recently, of “Saving Jemima: Life and Love With a Hard-Luck Jay.” </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-d8a95a7e-7fff-28fe-fd7e-2e4acef74c90"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-96ddc47a-7fff-3f33-aa0a-71808b3eb1e8"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; vertical-align: baseline;">https://www.wsj.com/articles/spring-books-nature-11587052170?mod=searchresults&page=1&pos=1 3/4 </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">WHAT TO READ THIS SPRING » </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">4/17/2020 Spring Books: Nature - WSJ </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Copyright © 2020 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><a href="https://www.birdwatchingdaily.com/the-magazine/current-issue/">Birdwatching Magazine</a> </span></h2>
May/June 2020<br />
By Matt Mendenhall<br />
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The world’s birds have an extraordinary range of mating systems, and this gorgeous and expertly written book explains them all. Author Wenfei Tong covers courtship, nests and eggs, raising chicks, group breeding, and more. She considers why some species, such as the Wattled Jacana, rely on males to do all the childcare, while others, such as cuckoos and honeyguides, dump their eggs in the nests of others to raise. It’s a beautifully designed book on an endlessly fascinating topic.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>The <a href="http://www.thebookbag.co.uk/reviews/Bird_Love:_The_Family_Life_of_Birds_by_Wenfei_Tong_and_Mike_Webster" target="_blank">Bookbag</a></b></span><br />
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by Peter Magee<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b style="background-color: #f9f9f9;">Summary:</b><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9;"> An exquisitely-presented and informative look at the family life of birds. Highly recommended.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I was a little perturbed when I looked at the blurb for <i>Bird Love</i> on a couple of on-line booksellers: <i>exploring the sex life of birds</i> it said. I very nearly passed over the book, but a closer examination suggested that the book is about the <i>family life</i> of birds, which is rather different. If the book was confined to the sex life of birds, you would be missing an opportunity to understand how birds live day-to-day, bring up their families and cope in the wild. Not only that, you have missed the treat of so many beautiful illustrations about a wide variety of birds which run through this book from the first page to the last.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Superficially, it might seem that everything to do with birds is harmonious, without any suggestion of conflict but this is far from the truth. For example, if you are unlucky enough to be the second fledgeling in the nest you could find that your older brother or sister could be quite brutal as their aim is to survive rather than nurture. On the other hand, some species collaborate as a group to ensure that as many fledgelings as possible survive. There are even examples of role reversal where the male takes the dominant role in bringing up the chicks: nature discovered house husbands long before humans did so. How many of us knew that female albatrosses can have same-sex partnerships lasting twenty years?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">This book is a timely reminder of the damage that humans can cause to the birds' environment. The decline and eradication of species is something which should all be aware of, and do our best to reverse. Wenfei Tong tells us that <i>climate change has affected the migratory patterns of many birds</i>. There are ten thousand species of birds, but the common cuckoo has declined by half in just twenty-five years. It could, of course, be argued that this is good news those birds which have been unwilling hosts in the past.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The coverage of <i>Bird Love</i> is extensive. It looks at ecology and mating systems, courtship, nests and eggs, raising chicks, sex-role reversals, group breeding and brood parasitism (think cuckoos on that one). Once you realise this, it becomes obvious that this is not a 'coffee-table book', as its appearance might suggest, but a serious look at the family life of birds. It is quite technical in places and you will need to work at it to get the most out of it, but I was surprised by how much information was delivered in an accessible fashion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I found the book fascinating: it's the type of book which can intensely annoy other people because you're constantly telling them about what you're reading: <i>Did you know that house sparrows and house finches use cigarette butts to keep their nests free of lice?</i> I'd like to thank the publishers for giving me this opportunity.</span></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.wellreadnaturalist.com/2020/04/bird-love/"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">The Well-Read Naturalist</span></a></h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">by <span style="background-color: white; color: #2e2e2e;">Johannes E. Riutta</span></span><br />
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Birds do it.</div>
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But if you’ve taken a basic biology course, you likely already knew that.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">
<a href="https://www.uaa.alaska.edu/academics/college-of-arts-and-sciences/departments/biological-sciences/faculty/tong.cshtml" style="color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Dr. Wenfei Tong</a>, however, knows much more about how they do it than just the basics, and in her new book <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691188843/bird-love" style="color: black; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bird Love; the Family Life of Birds</em></a>, she explores and explains the extraordinary range of courtship, mating, and brood rearing practices found among the planet’s diverse birdlife.</div>
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Covering the essentials of these behavioral categories, as well as delving into some of the more unusual – and frankly, surprising – practices, such as brood parasitism and reciprocal promiscuity, Dr. Tong’s book is clearly a work worthy of attention by ornithologists, birdwatchers, and general naturalists alike.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://avian101.wordpress.com/2020/04/09/book-review-57-bird-love/" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: medium;">Avian 101</span></a></div><div style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;"><p style="border: 0px; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: white;">H.J. Ruiz -Avian101.Wordpress.com – April 9th, 2020</span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #727272; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">I have enjoyed this book very much. The main reason is the author’s approach, which, I agree 100%. Let’s get to know the bird by knowing how it lives. The points that capture the behaviors and their daily lives are the following:</p><ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #727272; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 18px 18px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 18px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Ecology and Mating Systems</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Courtship</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Nests and Eggs</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Raising Chicks</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Sex Role Reversals</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Group Breeding</li><li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Brood Parasitism</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #727272; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">You’ll find out and get to know the bird’s way to see life, very much as humans behave and act. This approach will get you closer to your avian friends, and lead you, to understand how they live.<span class="Apple-converted-space" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #727272; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">This book has 192 pages with 220 gorgeous photos and a wonderful foreword by Mike Webster.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #727272; font-family: "Noto Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">I was very pleased when I finished reading this book, which I recommend to my friends, readers, that visit my blog daily.</p></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;">And on <a href="https://avian101.wordpress.com/2020/08/17/book-review-58-understanding-bird-behavior/" target="_blank">Understanding Bird Behavior</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 1.2em; padding: 0px;"><h5 style="border: 0px; color: #888888; font-family: "Roboto Slab", serif; font-size: 15.6px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">Author Wenfei Tong describes every situation in a comprehensive way, using precise samples of birds that the reader immediately will get the proper information of the chapter in question. All these, accompanied of amazing color illustrations and photos in a total of 150. This guide is a hard cover 224 pages.<span class="Apple-converted-space" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></h5><h5 style="border: 0px; color: #888888; font-family: "Roboto Slab", serif; font-size: 15.6px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">I found this guide to be interesting, since I am always observing and photographing birds, I also pay great attention to their fascinating behavior.</span></h5><div><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><h5 style="border: 0px; color: #888888; font-family: "Roboto Slab", serif; font-size: 15.6px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizelegibility; vertical-align: baseline;">H.J. Ruiz -Avian101.Wordpress.com – August 17th, 2020</span></h5></span></div></div>
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</div></div>darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-52629806105803860642019-10-06T19:20:00.002-04:002020-12-10T16:55:57.970-05:00First book coming out in March 2020<br />
Published by<a href="https://www.quartoknows.com/books/9781782407485/Bird-Love.html" target="_blank"> Ivy Press</a> and <a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691188843/bird-love" target="_blank">Princeton University Press</a>. To pre-order in the <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/069118884X" target="_blank">US<span id="goog_1417162693"></span><span id="goog_1417162694"></span>,</a> and in the <a href="https://www.waterstones.com/book/bird-love/wenfei-tong/mike-webster/9781782407485" target="_blank">UK</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiklnwAZjiI_28dtttzaWpAGG3AbnkTWuh2t5EJs1vCzOg3q3wU4_NFkQwom-8buDF99nVE2_kAXVAp6zfdl8mnqr2UYnKbFaYyZtVPFeu6H3gxgFQ22RrtiT5gKVXKXS0CV5HvcueUgPo/s1600/Screenshot+2019-10-06+at+19.16.19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="637" data-original-width="532" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiklnwAZjiI_28dtttzaWpAGG3AbnkTWuh2t5EJs1vCzOg3q3wU4_NFkQwom-8buDF99nVE2_kAXVAp6zfdl8mnqr2UYnKbFaYyZtVPFeu6H3gxgFQ22RrtiT5gKVXKXS0CV5HvcueUgPo/s640/Screenshot+2019-10-06+at+19.16.19.png" width="532" /></a></div>
<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-88208025184345427012019-06-04T11:09:00.000-04:002019-06-04T11:09:43.645-04:00Perspective in Science<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixmg8pThjPheeJngEL7YM3pyIQbwzjt1yoRtpeVc2h6UftL7BdsiHRp7DYgVQrp1lw8B_7uAHBKud2mOuD4XSeafVRPnLRHZd9omQxSaAn75VpAUhCJkH2EKemyDmA3qbhGw2UGMMw3-Y/s1600/Screenshot+2019-06-04+at+07.47.28.png" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="339" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixmg8pThjPheeJngEL7YM3pyIQbwzjt1yoRtpeVc2h6UftL7BdsiHRp7DYgVQrp1lw8B_7uAHBKud2mOuD4XSeafVRPnLRHZd9omQxSaAn75VpAUhCJkH2EKemyDmA3qbhGw2UGMMw3-Y/s640/Screenshot+2019-06-04+at+07.47.28.png" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
Threespine stickleback, the protagonists of the research article that we wrote a <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6443/831" target="_blank">perspective piece</a> for,<br />
are a model for understanding how repeatable evolution is. This is because populations of these little fish have independently evolved to live in freshwater lakes and streams all over the Northern Hemisphere.<br />
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Repeated adaptations to life in freshwater range from anatomical features like losing <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/307/5717/1928" target="_blank">armoured</a> anti-predator defences, to growing and reproducing faster, to <a href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6443/886" target="_blank">digestive enzymes</a> that compensate for the dearth of fatty acids in freshwater diets.<br />
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Life in freshwater does not just involve new predators and new food sources, but also new <a href="https://adaptationmatters.wixsite.com/home/research" target="_blank">parasites</a>. Below is an illustration (not to scale) of the life cycle of some of the key tapeworm parasites than infect freshwater stickleback. Eggs and larvae are eaten by little crustaceans such as copepods, as depicted on the bottom of the figure. Stickleback, such as this male guarding his nest, become infected when they eat copepods full of tapeworms. Birds, such as loons and mergansers, distribute tapeworm eggs across different watersheds when they eat infected stickleback and poo out tapeworm eggs. As a result, while the stickleback in each watershed are on isolated evolutionary trajectories, they are constantly coevolving against parasites like tapeworms, with a much more global distribution. This system provides a perfect natural experiment for understanding how host immune systems evolve different ways to combat a single parasite.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdFsIHUnz5_Bdf6ueCUHZm6ySQ0AV_4AfoSV052gI_tZhfgIf0cES3MKZIsQuGZ6tUc0dpuvaULDhGmzGtvScyYsRxOZ4wSKWvGUjY6byMyCzHhhzuxsCO4oiqjSZUk59NoTBnGHMlFB4/s1600/WT_TapewormLifeCycle-1120.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdFsIHUnz5_Bdf6ueCUHZm6ySQ0AV_4AfoSV052gI_tZhfgIf0cES3MKZIsQuGZ6tUc0dpuvaULDhGmzGtvScyYsRxOZ4wSKWvGUjY6byMyCzHhhzuxsCO4oiqjSZUk59NoTBnGHMlFB4/s640/WT_TapewormLifeCycle-1120.jpg" width="640" /></a>darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-2817490624708684432019-05-01T22:57:00.001-04:002019-05-02T10:58:05.533-04:00In memorium: Henry Horn<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsR9_owJD0dcuGvx4Gu0Mau0iWzeb22BUssemBROWum7maJJ43VHxmmsaYnTTUmXYN2kxRk3sfmPV-YaCmjqYVmbTBoH5uS6Q9nMPKyIQLxM80oVpnEsOtQVeeOezG2jrcsokJEyuV5qo/s1600/Screenshot+2019-05-01+at+17.30.46.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsR9_owJD0dcuGvx4Gu0Mau0iWzeb22BUssemBROWum7maJJ43VHxmmsaYnTTUmXYN2kxRk3sfmPV-YaCmjqYVmbTBoH5uS6Q9nMPKyIQLxM80oVpnEsOtQVeeOezG2jrcsokJEyuV5qo/s1600/Screenshot+2019-05-01+at+17.30.46.png" /></a></div>
In the <a href="http://darwinsjackal.blogspot.com/2012/12/animal-acknowledgements.html" target="_blank">acknowledgements section </a>of my PhD defence, I drew Henry as a male satin bowerbird, as a tribute to his inventiveness, artistry and intelligence. By analogy, bowerbirds are also much less personally showy than their posturing relatives, the birds of paradise. Henry is easily the most unassuming yet brilliant people I have ever known.<br />
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He is also a great inspiration to those who are equally inspired by the art in science and nature as by the nature of art. There is no better embodiment of a Renaissance man than Henry Horn. Inventor, naturalist, mathematician, artist, poet, musician, craftsman, beloved teacher, environmentalist, humorist, lifelong explorer of the natural world.<br />
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I have never met another person who so genuinely enjoyed sharing his diverse passions with others, yet managed to make anyone feel as though each conversation with him was a comfortable, cosy chat between kindred spirits. Henry always made one see the humour in a situation and to think deeply. This is probably because of his consummate ability to do both simultaneously. The door to his office was covered in jokes, often against himself. There was a copy of a letter threatening failure at Harvard if he didn't pull up his socks academically. Also a photograph of himself at a more tender age, with a caption along the lines of "such a cute kid, where did it all go?". Once you entered, he would have original and thoughtful comments on any subject.<br />
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Some of the best pieces of advice on writing comes from Henry, and I pass it on to students all the time. 1. Read good writing, and lots of it. Preferably Jane Austen. 2. Read what you've written aloud, and if you stumble, that's a sure sign the sentence is clumsy.<br />
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There are far too many memories to list, but I speak for assorted strays and aliens who benefitted from Henry and Betty's hospitality at Thanksgiving. Their beautiful home at Stony Ford was where I had the pleasure of first encountering J. Chester's gallery and the LiWA, short for Little Wooden Animals, which accompanied him and Betty to some spectacular places. I am also personally grateful to Henry for choosing my book prize when I graduated from EEB. The last time I visited him, he showed me his children's books and lesson plans with the LiWA as protagonists, played the guitar, and showed me the new public library building at Princeton, all on top of discussing bird behaviour over Subway sandwiches.<br />
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Unlike many scientists of his stature, Henry had a deep and abiding respect for all students of nature. He spent so much time teaching and exploring with everyone, from schoolchildren to lost undergraduate and graduate students, that his intellectual legacy through other minds is immense. Now that I can no longer pop in for a chat, every memento and <a href="https://blogs.princeton.edu/memorial/2019/03/henry-horn/comment-page-1/#comment-19528" target="_blank">memory</a> of Henry will be all the more precious. I shall be taking a walk in the woods this Sunday as I can't attend his memorial service.<br />
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darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-33677059945255438632019-01-12T12:00:00.002-05:002019-04-12T10:46:58.804-04:00Birding Bali Barat National Park<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9NCQOT5VwvZXuucyuPi4W_61ixUdZAeO73cu7B3Z37ER-0jzZpF01dTmYLFUK8MMrlT1FLOTZgskNDbM8cS9YF5aFW1bCvROxduhPZ1qn-lMSJUIEc5yxY5gwyNNtuBfCqva7XREhf3E/s1600/IMG_4240.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1105" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9NCQOT5VwvZXuucyuPi4W_61ixUdZAeO73cu7B3Z37ER-0jzZpF01dTmYLFUK8MMrlT1FLOTZgskNDbM8cS9YF5aFW1bCvROxduhPZ1qn-lMSJUIEc5yxY5gwyNNtuBfCqva7XREhf3E/s400/IMG_4240.jpg" width="275" /></a></div>
Bali Barat, or West Bali National Park, is in the northwestern corner of Bali, 4 hours drive through mountains and rice terraces from the madding crowd of tourists that cluster around the beaches in the south. This park was set aside as the last habitat for the Bali starling or mynah, which is found only on Bali. These beautiful birds became critically endangered due to persistent poaching for the caged bird trade, and there are now over 1,000 individuals in captive breeding programs around the world.<br />
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Fewer than 100 Bali mynahs remain in the wild, all of which gather to breed here in the park. We were lucky to see a flock of 12 birds flying from tree to tree as we stood on a hillside looking out over the forest canopy on our first morning. The next day, we found four pairs, garrulous and stunning in their startlingly white suits and brilliant blue spectacles.<br />
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-31458192703145152572018-05-09T16:48:00.000-04:002018-05-09T16:48:05.244-04:00The Importance of Being Warm<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-17841866057728599162018-03-14T14:47:00.001-04:002018-03-14T14:47:51.473-04:00Field note on great horned owls on Montana Public Radio<a href="http://mtpr.org/post/field-notes-great-horned-owls" target="_blank">Field note on great horned owls on Montana Public Radio</a><br />
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-72196100179111848212018-01-04T08:09:00.001-05:002019-04-12T10:46:45.639-04:00Christmas birding in and around Hangzhou, China<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-63126987470530373842017-05-22T12:44:00.004-04:002018-03-14T14:49:27.977-04:00The darker side of pronghorn life: sibling rivalry in the womb<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">One pronghorn embryo piercing another</td></tr>
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On Mother's Day, Montana Public Radio aired my <a href="http://mtpr.org/post/terrible-twins-its-tough-being-pronghorn-utero" target="_blank">field note</a> on siblicide among pronghorn embryos in utero, and I was on the Rocky Mountain front near Choteau, watching a pronghorn that had just given birth to one fawn.<br />
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The umbilical chord was still dangling from both, and we watched for over an hour as the fawn struggled to stand and suckle for the first time.<br />
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The mother seemed quite uneasy about all the traffic on Bellview Rd and after lying down and getting back up several times, led her first fawn away from the road, probably to find a more private spot to deliver number two. We left her in peace so didn't watch the second little horror arrive.<br />
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The very next day, on the same road, we saw a female pronghorn with two young fawns.<br />
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A week later, on the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/refuge/national_bison_range/" target="_blank">National Bison Range</a>, the pronghorn there are no newborn pronghorn in sight, as their mothers have probably hidden them among the brilliant yellow arrowleaf balsamroot.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yearling and adult female pronghorn among the arrowleaf balsamroot</td></tr>
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darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-36692184074050278632017-04-01T14:59:00.000-04:002017-04-01T14:59:06.500-04:00Why do races look different?These are illustrations for a book proposal, showing the differences between European and North American barn swallows. Female European swallows prefer males with longer tail streamers, and have selected for males with streamers that are longer than is aerodynamically optimal. In contrast, North American female swallows don't care much for long tails, but prefer their males bright orange below. As a result, American barn swallow males have shorter tails but brighter bellies than their European counterparts. In the <i>Descent of Man</i>, Darwin first proposed this idea of the arbitrariness of female mating preferences as an explanation for most of the racial variation within humans.<br />
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-75848615689208734892017-03-05T13:51:00.001-05:002018-03-14T14:49:14.409-04:00On birds on air: http://mtpr.org/post/singing-snowA <a href="http://mtpr.org/post/singing-snow" target="_blank">Natural History Note</a> I wrote for Montana Public Radio: <a href="http://mtpr.org/post/singing-snow">http://mtpr.org/post/singing-snow</a><span id="goog_677618063"></span><span id="goog_677618064"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a><br />
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Some views from cross-country skiing near Missoula this winter:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Top of Crazy Canyon Road between Mt Sentinel and University Mountain</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dog road at Lolo Pass</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ellie at the base of Blue Mountain</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Base of Blue Mountain</td></tr>
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darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-64273484375525129802016-11-15T15:25:00.000-05:002016-11-15T15:25:17.882-05:00Mountain bluebirds on University Mountain<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-84991407490796488962016-11-11T10:53:00.002-05:002016-11-11T10:53:36.559-05:00EllieOur new dog, a rescue. Named after Eleanor from <i>Sense and Sensibility</i>, though after knowing her for two weeks, Marianne might have been more appropriate.<br />
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-54723289656011255842016-10-19T07:58:00.000-04:002019-05-01T22:58:07.691-04:00In memoriam: Stuart A. Altmann<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjo075AVZ33TSFTo6WBmL-lZ-eY8Sh-lzRN6VVQm9GXWmeBcUkhu3DLrbdUA53z0M4DE0bNjLx47zzdxomtvFp1vXgHWZrVm-AOCDTPgYRD19Vw4tM6pISc3ObQJRcsd0G_GdpJuBJvg/s1600/FullSizeRender-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stuart and Jeanne as highly intelligent, organised, energetic and devoted partners, parents and pack leaders.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond";">Stuart Altmann was
extraordinarily brilliant, kind and full of life. Though I think he would agree
that Jeanne Altmann probably surpasses him in these qualities, I know of no
more exceptional and inspiring people, whether individually or to quote
Stuart’s <a href="http://obits.nj.com/obituaries/trenton/obituary.aspx?n=stuart-altmann&pid=181985770" target="_blank">obituary</a>, as a couple in “rich, intellectual partnership”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond";">Stuart had many passions, and loved to share
them. Some of my favourite memories are of him enthusiastically introducing me
to proper mole at an Oaxacan restaurant, or whipping up a batch of sourdough
waffles from his own decades old sourdough starter, while discoursing on meticulously
labelled varieties of cider from the orchard he has lovingly stocked with
heirloom apples. Not once, throughout the making and eating of breakfast, did
Stuart ever take Jeanne for granted. This would sound sappy if it weren’t so
invariably true of both of them, but even when asking his wife to “please pass
the salt”, Stuart was genuinely grateful and honoured to be asking her. He
liked to relate an anecdote about how his children would come home from school
and ask why their parents were so abnormal as to never be seen arguing. I
gather they did occasionally disagree, as he also said that since Jeanne was always
right about people, he’d long ago given up objecting to her choice of field
assistants. They did agree that marrying each other was “the best decision I
ever made”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond";">The <a href="http://amboselibaboons.nd.edu/history/" target="_blank">baboon project</a> Stuart
and Jeanne began in Amboseli is the stuff of legend. I loved to visit Stuart’s
office in Eno Hall at Princeton, where he would talk animatedly of modelling
baboon foraging behaviour and reminisce about the early days of sociobiology. Stuart
was one of the first people to attempt to study animal societies in the wild.
This was so unheard of at the time he was looking for a PhD supervisor at
Harvard, that he had to go knocking on the doors of various professors who
studied behaviour of any kind. Don Griffin, who was later such a proponent of
conscious thought in non-humans must have been having a bad day, because Stuart
barely got to explain before being told to get out of Griffin’s office.
Eventually, someone suggested he approach E. O. Wilson, a promising young ant
specialist who was probably going to be appointed as professor soon. The two
hit it off, and spent many evenings in the field comparing notes on the rich
social lives of their monkeys and ants on Cayo Santiago. Stuart coined the term
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sociobiology</i>, the title of Wilson’s
famous book decades later.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">A pot Stuart made and one of my most treasured possessions</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond";">Just as often, we would
speak of art, for Stuart was a superb professional potter. He drew his
inspiration from many cultures, and the Altmann’s beautiful home in the woods
was filled with glorious pottery and paintings. He loved showing me the studio
he had set up in their garage, and when he had Alzheimer’s, and couldn’t
remember which of the lovely pots were his, he still derived great pleasure
from the simplicity of their forms. He brought me to the little studio Jeanne
had set up for him in the basement of their new home, and although he never
used it, he was happy and proud to show it off. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond";">The other great source of
lasting joy in Stuart’s life was, of course, his family. When not passionately
discussing the finer points of their art collection, Stuart would proudly point
at beautiful photographs of his family and tell me about them. When his
Alzheimer’s was fairly advanced, he was still tickled pink by a photograph he
had taken of a beloved granddaughter as a toddler, studying his sock with characteristic
Altmann intensity and intellectual curiosity. It was almost a relief that he
had forgotten she was no longer alive. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "garamond";">Stuart led one of the
richest lives possible, in every dimension. I am proud to have known him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #453ccc; font-family: "garamond"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">A memorial service will be held
on <b>Thursday, October 20th</b> <b>at 5pm </b>in the atrium at Guyot Hall,
Princeton University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #453ccc; font-family: "garamond"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond;">In lieu of flowers, please
donate to the Fanconia Anemia Research Fund (<a href="http://fanconi.org/"><span style="color: #386eff;">http://fanconi.org</span></a>) or the Penland School of
Crafts (<a href="http://www.penland.org/"><span style="color: #386eff;">http://www.penland.org</span></a>).</span><span style="font-family: "garamond";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-44055950070989082212016-10-01T18:26:00.000-04:002016-10-19T09:28:56.326-04:00Cheyanne<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-29068661906454055802016-10-01T18:23:00.002-04:002016-10-01T18:23:21.284-04:00Big sky country<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-41417546818179701322016-09-23T16:02:00.001-04:002019-04-12T10:47:24.107-04:00Birds of Okinawa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Like many islands, Okinawa is full of endemics (species found nowhere else). We were lucky enough to have superb views to both male and female Okinawa woodpeckers as well as a family of Ryukyu robins complete with demanding fledgelings. The Ryukyu scops owl calls almost incessantly in the evenings when we were looking for elusive rhino beetles (<i>Trypoxylus dichotomus)</i>. And of course the flightless Okinawa rail, with it's lipstick red bill and legs was a real highlight. Well worth sleeping in the car for a few hours in between nocturnal beetling and dawn, to see the rails when they were most active and busy feeding along route 2, which runs through the Yanbaru forest in the north of Okinawa. There are very sweet signs in Japanese and other languages all along the road, possibly marking the spots of previous rail roadkills. We were also most impressed by the conservation efforts to save the rails, which include a rather successful anti-mongoose fence across the island of Okinawa.darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-62959598071937450572016-09-23T15:33:00.004-04:002016-09-23T15:59:27.342-04:00Reference illustrations for a book on evolution<br />
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-16039056069685327512016-09-23T15:33:00.002-04:002016-10-01T18:26:08.958-04:00Dartmoor ponies<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-8330251262590690392016-09-23T12:19:00.000-04:002019-04-12T10:47:36.605-04:00Provence<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitn0QvnSulKTH_ru9zh7h3mL5iZ7_5OWJx3sZa0rtFSqRWf4CuhxursqHYZpW2kE-31lCpUncYqEEuJZWhr1c-BY0ZpD0zI622JPx6lIdaSQ7Ba5t_6oFMhZopqx6bj6-Nbu9xMzsu5k8/s1600/View+from+Les+Baux.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="450" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitn0QvnSulKTH_ru9zh7h3mL5iZ7_5OWJx3sZa0rtFSqRWf4CuhxursqHYZpW2kE-31lCpUncYqEEuJZWhr1c-BY0ZpD0zI622JPx6lIdaSQ7Ba5t_6oFMhZopqx6bj6-Nbu9xMzsu5k8/s640/View+from+Les+Baux.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">View from Les Baux de Provence</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gordes</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLGRI-W-CNjdKag5vlxhkuKpcaqetUiJEf59zYu4RavUYygj_BAS6wGEyZIGMHGuZzwusPo1CW7K_ywm9gM1QagyaHgP_1s6JJy6_hIn6Y501WvPi0CcUchu-pXQkDaMkI5hWyAjuuUsI/s1600/Rousillon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLGRI-W-CNjdKag5vlxhkuKpcaqetUiJEf59zYu4RavUYygj_BAS6wGEyZIGMHGuZzwusPo1CW7K_ywm9gM1QagyaHgP_1s6JJy6_hIn6Y501WvPi0CcUchu-pXQkDaMkI5hWyAjuuUsI/s640/Rousillon.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rousillon</td></tr>
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<br />darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-35546696349675357222016-02-10T13:10:00.002-05:002016-10-01T18:23:38.312-04:00Birds and mammals of Montana<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYobFgbO4-ePXJn-eYp4t1rkSiAy6iGMukp3NujPTmHQZVPExFOAzwnEOIY7Qdo6qBaGZrXL7sgu6qHvCI9H-ckGMpMN_GHwGJELZhf_6JJgEZY1wr-PROJ2JRYwFF7bTTGsNPkM-LPR0/s1600/GyrfalconPen.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYobFgbO4-ePXJn-eYp4t1rkSiAy6iGMukp3NujPTmHQZVPExFOAzwnEOIY7Qdo6qBaGZrXL7sgu6qHvCI9H-ckGMpMN_GHwGJELZhf_6JJgEZY1wr-PROJ2JRYwFF7bTTGsNPkM-LPR0/s320/GyrfalconPen.jpeg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gyrfalcon at Deer Lodge</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxsmR-xUfoAEnvdugRpNZ3AxtIJfSTBIi3E8z_gP0Y7Htsn8ZF67mtCucIGdPTqoqVVXgb0TqjZfeaFnzEn4l3yxmSAr9xpj3yFqNPxm9GpfLDQHx9llKK5VkybjLudhrIEoJgcXqvdq8/s1600/GyrfalconReduced.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a> <img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxsmR-xUfoAEnvdugRpNZ3AxtIJfSTBIi3E8z_gP0Y7Htsn8ZF67mtCucIGdPTqoqVVXgb0TqjZfeaFnzEn4l3yxmSAr9xpj3yFqNPxm9GpfLDQHx9llKK5VkybjLudhrIEoJgcXqvdq8/s320/GyrfalconReduced.jpg" width="223" /><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Red-shafted flickrs</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNEQcG-KIixY08ovn50aeZ8rhiBfadgFQmhrKCXUOx_K3DBGQQB3ekp6m5uVgxcXEJc0FRl5vUscyijZm3lSm4sBKUrA7hY1bt04K2EIXybUbmaFFjPiUTsGwrxyL71rUMU1U_9WWnJNY/s1600/Three-toedWoodpecker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNEQcG-KIixY08ovn50aeZ8rhiBfadgFQmhrKCXUOx_K3DBGQQB3ekp6m5uVgxcXEJc0FRl5vUscyijZm3lSm4sBKUrA7hY1bt04K2EIXybUbmaFFjPiUTsGwrxyL71rUMU1U_9WWnJNY/s320/Three-toedWoodpecker.jpg" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">American three-toed woodpecker seen on Lolo</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxkHZRxMcdzwXOIKAoAMp170438565qjO6UmerxQJ-3WMKmlvprXVC8Nju0cf-s-iC9A5HkygPBpnQZ-kMXyr6mZ7trk3Uz-MYQBBYKWnGh21vL69JYOcbVawqSg_CSdQHHnUEmwwWVtA/s1600/SpruceGrouseMale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxkHZRxMcdzwXOIKAoAMp170438565qjO6UmerxQJ-3WMKmlvprXVC8Nju0cf-s-iC9A5HkygPBpnQZ-kMXyr6mZ7trk3Uz-MYQBBYKWnGh21vL69JYOcbVawqSg_CSdQHHnUEmwwWVtA/s320/SpruceGrouseMale.jpg" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Male spruce grouse on Lolo</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPpEOxM_bQ8J6DQTe1DVdxGBz1_d1e0PgG5aPXffzepXf3oQB_yOevVgJ6div7CG4AheIYySLEh7w9eNmnCNRto4w0R_8VDA5OYk2eUKxCats57k1ViffGiB4konDRZTcH22c8ti0V5V0/s1600/Red-shaftedFlickr.jpg" imageanchor="1"></a>darwin's jackalhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05364711790818482400noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4715180760621590777.post-3249128087697432272015-04-27T09:49:00.000-04:002016-09-23T12:21:56.700-04:00Arms races as analogies<div class="MsoNormal">
What is progress in evolutionary terms? An absolute increase
in complexity, perhaps? Many biologists (myself included) would say that
natural selection has no foresight; that organisms don’t evolve adaptations in
anticipation of what is to come. This is different from denying that evolution can
often take predictable directions, such as increasing the size of weapons, or
the complexity of communication. As Dawkins and Krebs proposed in a brilliant
paper <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
{"citationID":"1u303vqpaj","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainCitation":"[1]"},"citationItems":[{"id":235,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/759721/items/Q8XX8RBK"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/759721/items/Q8XX8RBK"],"itemData":{"id":235,"type":"article-journal","title":"Arms
Races Between and Within
Species","container-title":"Proceedings of the Royal
Society B-Biological
Sciences","page":"489-511","volume":"205","issue":"1161","source":"ISI
Web of Knowledge","DOI":"10.1098/rspb.1979.0081","ISSN":"0962-8452","note":"WOS:A1979HN99900005","journalAbbreviation":"Proc.
R. Soc. B-Biol.
Sci.","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Dawkins","given":"R."},{"family":"Krebs","given":"Jr"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1979"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[1]</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->, arms races are situations in
which one can predict a kind of evolutionary progress through escalating
conflict. Measured purely in terms of evolutionary fitness, the fastest antelope
isn’t an improvement on its ancestors, because all its contemporaries are also
faster, and so are their predators. Just like the Red Queen in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alice in Wonderland</i>, everyone is
effectively running as hard as they can to stay in the same place relative to
everyone else in the evolutionary race to survive and reproduce. However in
absolute terms, arms races can cause progress in the sense that today’s
antelope and cheetah are faster than their ancestors.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAjLHB4or69faAZB_qn7PWi7TcpaldSUzq_T6pwL0OeRdTVt4CiiBJFllUxeLg8pIlsMs0WJjNuFVcgsDC9AXyl4mOS8FhOgeLNSJoPeqkSidvO2Ah5MeVBVHc6iIdLPg3vljCNIU26P4/s1600/ArmsRace003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAjLHB4or69faAZB_qn7PWi7TcpaldSUzq_T6pwL0OeRdTVt4CiiBJFllUxeLg8pIlsMs0WJjNuFVcgsDC9AXyl4mOS8FhOgeLNSJoPeqkSidvO2Ah5MeVBVHc6iIdLPg3vljCNIU26P4/s1600/ArmsRace003.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"> </span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO2jU-biB1Vz-gsWwBnchzelg1yz5jC9ut61mLJqeLJPonTyG6Xu9j4r5rrayaGgce25XMWYlvzUKonHYWcEG-yLnYxbgNInGQ_DYvtdBCnBPAIOwBKN_UBkH-Y3iSmBOs839iCz0GcNs/s1600/ArmsRace002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO2jU-biB1Vz-gsWwBnchzelg1yz5jC9ut61mLJqeLJPonTyG6Xu9j4r5rrayaGgce25XMWYlvzUKonHYWcEG-yLnYxbgNInGQ_DYvtdBCnBPAIOwBKN_UBkH-Y3iSmBOs839iCz0GcNs/s1600/ArmsRace002.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
For historians (including evolutionary biologists), the
notion of an arms race is a compelling framework for explaining and predicting the
consequences of conflict. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://us.macmillan.com/animalweapons/douglasjemlen" target="_blank">AnimalWeapons: The Evolution of Battle</a></i>, Doug Emlen makes a very convincing case
that evolutionary arms races are often strongly analogous to those in human
warfare. Although much of his book addresses the more obvious parallels in
weapon evolution – increases in antler or battleship size as conflicts escalate
– there is also a fascinating discussion of asymmetric arms races, in which one
side is attacking, and the other defending. I particularly enjoyed the
parallels between army ants and Assyrians attacking the highly evolved and
elaborate fortresses of termites and the city of Lachish respectively.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Just as human history involves arms races of attack and
defence, the rest of biological history is rife with asymmetric arms races –
most dear to my heart, those between parasites and hosts. Viruses constantly
evolve new ways to invade our immune systems, while we both evolve and invent
ways to defend ourselves from infection.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA18GAlpWbPHaN9VtTy1czZu4x02rWsNJYZMlZwt91jVeRW8rxPlM4rcL4N028FUHeJ3xd5V5G5V8VRalic-fpsMJR3zPvR8DSepeFM64bz0GS30ZDLsSEyF2TXbEgDdXZdP9NFWm2Ahc/s1600/ArmsRace004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA18GAlpWbPHaN9VtTy1czZu4x02rWsNJYZMlZwt91jVeRW8rxPlM4rcL4N028FUHeJ3xd5V5G5V8VRalic-fpsMJR3zPvR8DSepeFM64bz0GS30ZDLsSEyF2TXbEgDdXZdP9NFWm2Ahc/s1600/ArmsRace004.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/cuckoo-9781620409527/" target="_blank">Cuckoo:Cheating by Nature</a></i>, just published by Nick Davies, is all about this kind
of arms race, but in this case, both parasites and hosts are birds. As Davies
discusses beautifully, brood parasitic birds, which manage to “trick” other birds
into bearing the entire burden of childcare, are some of nature’s ultimate
cheats. The arms race idea applies because it’s evolutionarily costly to rear
someone else’s children at the expense of one’s own, and host birds are under
strong selection to detect and deter parasitism, such as recognising and
rejecting a foreign egg. This selects for egg forgeries on the side of the
parasite, which in turn selects for better discrimination by hosts, and
sometimes, to making eggs with more independently varying signatures so that
they are harder to forge <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
{"citationID":"1bvj7hkmg2","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainCitation":"[2]"},"citationItems":[{"id":77,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/759721/items/9JNT3T5V"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/759721/items/9JNT3T5V"],"itemData":{"id":77,"type":"article-journal","title":"Visual
modeling shows that avian host parents use multiple visual cues in rejecting
parasitic eggs","container-title":"Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America","page":"8672-8676","volume":"107","issue":"19","source":"ISI
Web of Knowledge","abstract":"One of the most striking
outcomes of coevolution between species is egg mimicry by brood parasitic birds,
resulting from rejection behavior by discriminating host parents. Yet, how
exactly does a host detect a parasitic egg? Brood parasitism and egg rejection
behavior provide a model system for exploring the relative importance of
different visual cues used in a behavioral task. Although hosts are
discriminating, we do not know exactly what cues they use, and to answer this
it is crucial to account for the receiver's visual perception. Color, luminance
(\"perceived lightness\") and pattern information have never been
simultaneously quantified and experimentally tested through a bird's eye. The
cuckoo finch Anomalo-spiza imberbis and its hosts show spectacular
polymorphisms in egg appearance, providing a good opportunity for investigating
visual discrimination owing to the large range of patterns and colors involved.
Here we combine field experiments in Africa with modeling of avian color vision
and pattern discrimination to identify the specific visual cues used by hosts
in making rejection decisions. We found that disparity between host and foreign
eggs in both color and several aspects of pattern (dispersion, principal
marking size, and variability in marking size) were important predictors of
rejection, especially color. These cues correspond exactly to the principal
differences between host and parasitic eggs, showing that hosts use the most
reliable available cues in making rejection decisions, and select for parasitic
eggs that are increasingly mimetic in a range of visual
attributes.","DOI":"10.1073/pnas.0910486107","ISSN":"0027-8424","note":"WOS:000277591200034","journalAbbreviation":"Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.
A.","language":"English","author":[{"family":"Spottiswoode","given":"Claire
N."},{"family":"Stevens","given":"Martin"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2010",5,11]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[2]</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]-->. The result of this mimicry
arms race is eggs with remarkably diverse colour and pattern signatures in two
unrelated bird lineages.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwx7KmMHs4EZ4DbrMGsVCzy1w0K3ogaa-wEBaNcgSOQ34HjGWON9nwHHmZqwGAjwzclZ8M4lI2QSDV55NlEhpVNgM7zJfxRYLRgHVZf_uUZwWsg4VSmyLV-fPT3YVm8VpKFecGqwiRMQQ/s1600/ArmsRace005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwx7KmMHs4EZ4DbrMGsVCzy1w0K3ogaa-wEBaNcgSOQ34HjGWON9nwHHmZqwGAjwzclZ8M4lI2QSDV55NlEhpVNgM7zJfxRYLRgHVZf_uUZwWsg4VSmyLV-fPT3YVm8VpKFecGqwiRMQQ/s1600/ArmsRace005.jpg" width="320" /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cuckoo</i> is a tale
of the finest scientific passion and skilful detection that goes beyond presenting
a masterly overview of brood parasite research to painting a personal and
highly inspiring account of behavioural ecology at its best. Nick Davies is one
of the giants in this field of biology that tries to explain why animals have
evolved to behave the way they do. He is a giant because of the simple elegance
of his experiments. Much of science, including evolutionary biology, is
tools-driven. Astronomers discover new things with improved telescopes, and
biologists are now experiencing a similar revolution with increasingly
affordable genomics. Davies has the rare ability to design experiments that
require little more than a pair of binoculars, and possibly, a painted balsa
wood model, to unearth secrets that would otherwise remain as unanswered
questions. I’ll let you read the book to find out how exactly how he does this,
because he would make it come alive better than I ever could.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOowcfkCUkm_ozODaYX-OePu8fxYxULVJik3mrBrpne1BOmUX2A_H7DezAAlbZd8unKUNgDMLJxkyVZmqSi4Ct1XQhVn3WH6AuRl5mBjinTnuN280nuUX4UXIlRWleM-6pCzmUpKYq3PA/s1600/RhinoBeetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOowcfkCUkm_ozODaYX-OePu8fxYxULVJik3mrBrpne1BOmUX2A_H7DezAAlbZd8unKUNgDMLJxkyVZmqSi4Ct1XQhVn3WH6AuRl5mBjinTnuN280nuUX4UXIlRWleM-6pCzmUpKYq3PA/s1600/RhinoBeetle.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOowcfkCUkm_ozODaYX-OePu8fxYxULVJik3mrBrpne1BOmUX2A_H7DezAAlbZd8unKUNgDMLJxkyVZmqSi4Ct1XQhVn3WH6AuRl5mBjinTnuN280nuUX4UXIlRWleM-6pCzmUpKYq3PA/s1600/RhinoBeetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOowcfkCUkm_ozODaYX-OePu8fxYxULVJik3mrBrpne1BOmUX2A_H7DezAAlbZd8unKUNgDMLJxkyVZmqSi4Ct1XQhVn3WH6AuRl5mBjinTnuN280nuUX4UXIlRWleM-6pCzmUpKYq3PA/s1600/RhinoBeetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOowcfkCUkm_ozODaYX-OePu8fxYxULVJik3mrBrpne1BOmUX2A_H7DezAAlbZd8unKUNgDMLJxkyVZmqSi4Ct1XQhVn3WH6AuRl5mBjinTnuN280nuUX4UXIlRWleM-6pCzmUpKYq3PA/s1600/RhinoBeetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i><br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Animal Weapons</i> is
just as riveting, but in a very different way. The scope of this book is
broader, and Emlen takes more conceptual risks. One of the main ideas Emlen
proposes is a novel precondition necessary for weapons arms races to escalate:
namely, the importance of duels. If fighters are constrained to a one on one confrontation,
the best fighters reliably win, so there is an arms race to evolve bigger,
better weapons. In the absence of a duel, say, in a scramble of ardent male
horseshoe crabs or in battles with guns instead of swords, this tight
correlation between an individual fighter’s abilities and the chances of
winning breaks down, so extreme personal weapons are unlikely to evolve.
Interestingly, this idea comes from military history, a subject that is
skilfully interwoven into the entire book, with illuminating results. Briefly, the reasoning behind this is that large weapons are costly, and thus an honest signal of fighting ability (an idea developed in another fun book, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Handicap Principal</i>) <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[3]</span>. Once large weapons become
honest signals, they act as deterrents to inferior combatants because it is
cheaper for both sides to avoid a fight with a known conclusion. This second
function would select for extra large weapons because extra large signals would
be more daunting than just slightly larger ones, even if the latter would still
help you win a fight. So given the existing ingredients for an arms race, with
an excess of males duelling for defensible resources, the increasing selection
pressure to evolve bigger weapons faster should case the arms race to
accelerate. A second
novel idea is the prediction that in symmetric arms races that constrain
members of the same species and sex to a duel, the race will accelerate towards
the end.<br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5haYg_xbKZIR3vMVDEn6dAnFxyubRsP-HwqwTGKJ7gpaZOec3jid8qCRYDOrzOQau5cYfDuZ2ic7eDToU6Y-7ipHRPXrpFhw7FAz6NVCFg0RbuhoL3qAQkgAU-WzBz-jmGb8R-M0ADRc/s1600/DungBeetle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5haYg_xbKZIR3vMVDEn6dAnFxyubRsP-HwqwTGKJ7gpaZOec3jid8qCRYDOrzOQau5cYfDuZ2ic7eDToU6Y-7ipHRPXrpFhw7FAz6NVCFg0RbuhoL3qAQkgAU-WzBz-jmGb8R-M0ADRc/s1600/DungBeetle.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
While both authors use their passion and personal experience
to introduce the broader implications of arms races, the two books are an
intriguing contrast in tone and content. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Animal
Weapons</i>, as the title implies, is largely about escalating conflict between
members of the same sex and species. This is consistent with Doug Emlen’s
childhood fascination with arrowheads and his brilliant scientific work on how
and why male beetles evolve and develop such a diversity of horns (or other
ways to gain a mate). Just like the increasingly enormous and elaborate
weaponry in the book, American hyperbole may have been subjected to a similar
arms race to impress. Emlen’s writing is infectiously engaging in its
sincerity, and like the subject matter, it is certainly forceful. In contrast, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cuckoo</i> is full of English
understatement, while still managing to bubble with humour and enthusiasm like
a pair of twinkling eyes in an otherwise impassive face. The arms races it
deals with focus specifically on trickery and detection, sneak invasion and
defence, rather than on the broader theme of battle, be it duel or siege, in
nature or culture.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Both books are especially worth reading because they bring
alive the personalities and passions of their authors in ways that few popular
science books succeed in doing. Any aspiring scientist should want a window
into how both these top scientists think, and anyone else will simply enjoy biology
at its best. By best, I mean a deep love of natural history and an abiding
sense of curiosity that fuel the skill and dedication needed generate and test
ideas to explain how and why the living world works the way it does. These
people love what they do and both books are full of endearingly
self-deprecating anecdotes and personal insights. For instance, Davies often
writes of identifying with the birds he has watched with fresh joy every year,
and observes that like the territorial reed warblers he studies, he prefers to
have his own patch when doing fieldwork. This led to an almost sleepless night
when a warden told him an old man had been spotted searching for nests in his
beloved patch, till he realised with relief the next morning that the “old man”
must have been himself. A characteristic Emlen anecdote (some of the funniest
are lurking in the footnotes) is all action and adventure, including one about getting
covered in hundreds of minuscule ticks while valiantly collecting howler monkey
poo miles from camp in a daily struggle to keep some very precious dung beetles
fed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Another very engaging aspect of both books is their constant
reference to history and art. Davies writes often of personal sources of
inspiration, which include poetry and art that make him see nature in a new
light. He pays a special tribute to <a href="http://www.ericennion.com/" target="_blank">Eric Ennion</a>, a self-taught and superb bird painter,
and his account of how Edgar Chance, a Victorian gentleman, worked out the
natural history of cuckoo parasitism is more thrilling than any detective
fiction. Emlen writes of unearthing old arrowheads or Mayan with the same deep
empathy for how others saw the world, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Animal
Weapons</i> is full of interesting military history.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br /></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reading both books made me think about how biologists apply
the notion of arms races in evolution, and which arms races they choose to
focus on. To borrow the very useful framework from Dawkins and Krebs,
evolutionary arms races can come in four broad flavours, each with predictably
different outcomes. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cuckoo</i> is largely
about asymmetric arms races between species. The asymmetry refers to what
Dawkins calls the “life-dinner principal”. A hare that doesn’t run fast
enough loses its life, whereas a fox just loses its dinner. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Animal Weapons</i> touches on this type of
race, but is largely about symmetric arms races within species, such as
duelling males fighting for the chance to mate, and escalation results in the
evolution of extremes.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnkeRognfJk9o3h7NKSXU-wNQPKnlMb2y3SLxzB15gRp4zEa69499Mv0e69oylYpa9iRsO8Bz1JBgf5R6_0L-QEw8IJ85gjjjUSdqdVN_Y2ouDS7emKge3UZilwTT1JJyRJHCm2XltKA/s1600/RedFox.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibnkeRognfJk9o3h7NKSXU-wNQPKnlMb2y3SLxzB15gRp4zEa69499Mv0e69oylYpa9iRsO8Bz1JBgf5R6_0L-QEw8IJ85gjjjUSdqdVN_Y2ouDS7emKge3UZilwTT1JJyRJHCm2XltKA/s1600/RedFox.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>
Similarly, a cuckoo
chick that doesn’t manage to convince hosts to take care of it loses its life,
whereas duped host parents lose some children, but live to breed another day. It may not be too surprising to see hosts <a href="http://www.bou.org.uk/imperfect-adaptation/" target="_blank">"lagging" in the arms race</a> against brood parasites.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg270Z8xsnN03BkdQ632zUUns1AdxY7MSRQJ5jWZ0dIFyWV36F1Y0p2dHkXQLB9-sbViNOQsNdUiWBpz29gHybDLxT8ZiMFntMhpBkiLjOVA-g_oNh-5C1E30ZVrloDe6PhIPymEkqTwOg/s1600/Hare.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg270Z8xsnN03BkdQ632zUUns1AdxY7MSRQJ5jWZ0dIFyWV36F1Y0p2dHkXQLB9-sbViNOQsNdUiWBpz29gHybDLxT8ZiMFntMhpBkiLjOVA-g_oNh-5C1E30ZVrloDe6PhIPymEkqTwOg/s1600/Hare.jpeg" width="167" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are two more categories of arms race that these books don’t
focus on. Symmetric arms races within species, essentially what Darwin referred
to as his “Principal of Divergence” <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[4]</span>, and causes the phenomenon
modern biologists call character displacement. No one really focuses on this
category as an arms race, possibly because it encompasses most of ecology, and
is too loose and broad to be useful. More interesting, and alluded to in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cuckoo</i>, are asymmetric arms races within
a species. Parent-offspring conflict <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[5]</span>, for instance, or conflict
between genes inherited from fathers and genes inherited from mothers <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[6]</span>. A particularly delightful
example is a fairly recent paper by David Haig, proposing genomic imprinting
for infant sleep as a way for paternally inherited genes to delay inter-birth
intervals so that mothers invest more than is optimal for their genes on the
current child <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[7]</span>.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I suspect my personal attraction to arms races is due to the
irony inherent in a process that produces such beauty, complexity and diversity
from conflict. Like anything historical, much of evolution occurs because of
chance, such as a meteor colliding with the earth, or a few finches colonising
a new island. The really compelling thing about natural selection is that it
explains the non-chance side of evolution – the exquisite fit between form and
function. And natural selection gets most interesting not when organisms are
adapting to the physical environment, but when the environment consists of
other organisms, be they siblings, parents, predators or parasites, because
they co-evolve. In other words, an arms race ensues. To butcher Darwin’s almost
biblical concluding paragraph in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Origin
</i><!--[if supportFields]><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
{"citationID":"290fq6trsf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[4]","plainCitation":"[4]"},"citationItems":[{"id":245,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/759721/items/RMS3EJ6X"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/759721/items/RMS3EJ6X"],"itemData":{"id":245,"type":"book","title":"On
the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured
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UK","author":[{"family":"Darwin","given":"Charles"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["1859"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></i><![endif]--><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">[4]</span></i><!--[if supportFields]><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></i><![endif]-->,
<span style="color: #181818; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">“from the war of nature…endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful
have been, and are being, evolved.”</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Postscri<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">pt: I did <a href="http://www.bou.org.uk/imperfect-adaptation/" target="_blank">some experiments</a> in Zambia and found that little bee-eaters, African hosts of another deadly brood parasitic bird, are also remarkably maladapted when it comes to avoiding parasitism.</span><br />
<div>
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CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dawkins,
R. & Krebs, J. 1979 Arms Races Between and Within Species. <i>Proc. R. Soc.
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Spottiswoode, C. N. & Stevens, M.
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rejecting parasitic eggs. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.</i> <b>107</b>,
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